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CONTENTS
Volume 28, Number 2, July25 2018
 


Abstract
Eccentrically braced frames (EBF) represent an optimal structural solution for seismic prone areas, being able to provide high dissipative capacity and good elastic stiffness, to withstand strong seismic events without significant loss of bearing capacity and to avoid damage to non-structural elements in case of low and moderate earthquakes. The accurate knowledge of the cyclic behaviour of the dissipative links, characterizing the whole performance of EBFs, is required to optimize the structural properties and to refine the design techniques adopted for multi-storey buildings' analysis. Reliable numerical models for the links, at the same time requiring a limited computational effort, are then needed. The present work shows the results of a wide experimental test campaign executed on real-scale one storey/one bay frames with horizontal and vertical links, together with the elaboration of a simple semi-analytical model for the quick representation of the cyclic behaviour of shear links.

Key Words
eccentrically braced frames; experimental tests; link; numerical analyses; overstrength factor

Address
Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.


Abstract
Moment frames have considerable ductility against cyclic lateral loads and displacements; however, sometimes this feature causes the relative displacement to exceed the permissible limits. This issue can bring unfavorable hysteretic behavior on the frame due to the reduction in the stiffness and resistance against lateral loads. Most of common bracing systems usually control lateral displacements through increasing stiffness while result in decreasing the capacity for energy absorption. This has direct effect on hysteresis curves of moment frames. Therefore, a system that is capable of both having the capacity of energy absorption as well as controlling the displacements without a considerable increase in the stiffness is quite important. This paper investigates retrofitting of a single-storey steel moment frame using a delayed wire-rope bracing system equipped with the ductile middle steel plate. The steel plate is considered at the middle intersection of wire ropes, where it causes cables to be continuously in tension. This integrated system has the advantage of reducing considerable stiffness of the frame compared to cross bracing systems as a result of which it could also preserve the frame's energy absorption capacity. In this paper, FEM models of a delayed wire-rope bracing system equipped by steel plates with different geometries have been studied, validated, and compared with other researchers' laboratory test results.

Key Words
seismic; ductile moment frames; delayed; wire-rope bracing; middle steel plate

Address
(1) Akram Ghalandari, Mohammad Reza Ghasemi:
University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Department of Civil Engineering, Zahedan, Iran;
(2) Babak Dizangian:
Velayat University, Department of Civil Engineering, Iranshahr, Iran.

Abstract
Using the modified couple stress theory and Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, this paper studies nonlinear vibration analysis of microbeams resting on the nonlinear orthotropic visco-Pasternak foundation. Using the Hamilton\'s principle, the set of the governing equations are derived and solved numerically using differential quadrature method (DQM), Newark beta method and arc-length technique for all kind of the boundary conditions. First convergence and accuracy of the presented solution are demonstrated and then effects of radius of gyration, Poisson\'s ratio, small scale parameters, temperature changes and coefficients of the foundation on the linear and nonlinear natural frequencies and dynamic response of the microbeam are investigated.

Key Words
microbeam; nonlinear vibrations; modified couple stress theory; orthotropic visco-Pasternak

Address
(1) Ali Ghorbanpour Arani, Farhad Kiani:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran;
(2) Ali Ghorbanpour Arani:
Institute of Nanoscience& Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.

Abstract
In order to investigate mechanical properties in the core area of Square Hollow Section(SHS) column connection with external stiffening ring, four specimens were tested under the static tension load. The failure modes, load-displacement curves and strain distribution were analyzed to study the mechanical properties and the load transfer mechanism of the core area of connections. The connections behave good ductility and load-bearing capacity under the static tension load. Parametric analysis was also conducted, in which the thickness of steel tube, extended width and thickness of the stiffening ring were considered as the parameters to investigate the effects on mechanical properties of the connections. Based on the experimental results, an analytical method for the bearing capacity of connection with external stiffening ring under the static tension load was proposed. The theoretical results and the experimental results are in good agreement, which indicates that the theoretical calculation method of the bearing capacity is advisable.

Key Words
connection with external stiffening ring; static tensile loading experiment; failure mode; parametric analysis; strain distribution; bearing capacity

Address
(1) Bin Rong, Guangchao You, Ruoyu Zhang, Xu Ma, Xinxin Quan:
Department of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China;
(2) Bin Rong:
Key Laboratory of Coast Civil Structure Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.

Abstract
Reliable and accurate method of computationally aided design processes of advanced thin walled structures in automotive industries are much essential for the efficient usage of smart materials, that possess higher energy absorption in dynamic compression loading. In this paper, most versatile components i.e., thin walled crash tubes with different geometrical profiles are introduced in view of mitigating the impact of varying cross section in crash behavior and energy absorption characteristics. Apart from the geometrical parameters such as length, diameter and thickness, the non-dimensionalized parameters of average forces which control the plastic bending moment for varying thickness has explored in view of quantifying its impact on the crashworthiness of the structure. The explicit finite element code ABAQUS is utilized to conduct the numerical studies to examine the effect of parametric modifications in crash behavior and energy absorption. Also the simulation results are experimentally validated. It is evident that the circular cross-sectional tubes are preferable as high collision impact shock absorbers due to their ability in withstanding axial and oblique impact loads effectively. Furthermore, the specific energy absorption (SEA), crash force efficiency (CFE), plastic bending moment, peak force responses and its impact for optimally tailoring a design to cater the crashworthiness requirements are investigated. The primary outcome of the study is to provide sufficient information on circular tubes for the use of energy absorbers where impact oblique loading is expected.

Key Words
thin-walled structures; dynamic compression loading; energy absorption; plastic bending moment; high collision impact; crashworthiness

Address
(1) N. Baaskaran, K. Ponappa:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India;
(2) S. Shankar:
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract
First-order reliability method (FORM) is enhanced based on the search direction using relaxed conjugate reliability (RCR) approach for the embedded nanocomposite beam under buckling failure mode. The RCR method is formulated using discrete conjugate map with a limited scalar factor. A dynamical relaxed factor is proposed to control instability of proposed RCR, which is adjusted using sufficient descent condition. The characteristic of equivalent materials for nanocomposite beam are obtained by micro-electro-mechanical model. The probabilistic model of nanocomposite beam is simulated using the sinusoidal shear deformation theory (SSDT). The beam is subjected to external applied voltage in thickness direction and the surrounding elastic medium is modeled by Pasternak foundation. The governing equations are derived in terms of energy method and Hamilton

Key Words
reliability analysis; nanocomposite beam; buckling force; relaxed conjugate reliability method

Address
(1) Behrooz Keshtegar:
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zabol, P.B. 9861335-856, Zabol, Iran;
(2) Reza Kolahchi:
Department of Civil Engineering, Meymeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Meymeh, Iran.

Abstract
An empirical and efficient method is presented for calculating the dynamic increase factor to amplify the applied loads on the affected bays of a steel frame structure with semi-rigid connections. The nonlinear static alternate path analysis is used to evaluate the dynamic responses. First, the polynomial models of the extended end plate and the top and seat connection are modified, and the proposed polynomial model of the flush end plate connection shows good agreement as compared with experimental results. Next, a beam model with nonlinear spring elements and plastic hinges is utilized to incorporate the combined effect of connection flexibility and material nonlinearity. A new step-by-step analysis procedure is established to obtain quickly the dynamic increase factor based on a combination of the pushdown analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis. Finally, the modified dynamic increase factor equation, defined as a function of the maximum ratio value of energy demand to energy capacity of an affected beam, is derived by curve fitting data points generated by the different analysis cases with different column removal scenarios and five types of semi-rigid connections.

Key Words
progressive collapse; dynamic increase factor; alternate path method; nonlinear static analysis; semi-rigid steel frame

Address
(1) Yan Fei Zhu, Chang Hong Chen, Yao Yao:
School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China;
(2) Leon M. Keer:
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60286, USA;
(3) Ying Huang:
School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.

Abstract
Nowadays, there are a great number of various structures that have been retrofitted by using different FRP Composites. Due to this, more researches need to be conducted to know more the characteristics of these structures, not only that but also a comparison among them before and after the retrofitting is needed. In this research, a model steel structure is tested using a bench-scale earthquake simulator on the shake table, using recorded micro tremor data, in order to get the dynamic behaviors. Columns of the model steel structure are then retrofitted by using GFRP composite, and then tested on the Quanser shake table by using the recorded micro tremor data. At this stage, it is needed to evaluate the dynamic behaviors of the retrofitted model steel structure. Various types of methods of OMA, such as EFDD, SSI, etc. are used to take action in the ambient responses. Having a purpose to learn more about the effects of GFRP composite, experimental model analysis of both types (retrofitted and no-retrofitted models) is conducted to evaluate their dynamic behaviors. There is a provision of ambient excitation to the shake table by using recorded micro tremor ambient vibration data on ground level. Furthermore, the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition is used through output-only modal identification. At the end of this study, moderate correlation is obtained between mode shapes, periods and damping ratios. The aim of this research is to show and determine the effects of GFRP Composite implementation on structural responses of the model steel structure, in terms of changing its dynamical behaviors. The frequencies for model steel structure and the retrofitted model steel structure are shown to be 33.916% in average difference. Finally, it is shown that, in order to evaluate the period and rigidity of retrofitted structures, OMA might be used.

Key Words
experimental modal analysis; GFRP; steel structure; EFDD; shake table

Address
OndokuzMayis University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Atakum/Samsun, Turkey.


Abstract
Back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections are used in cold-formed steel structures; such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames. In such built-up columns, intermediate fasteners resist the buckling of individual channelsections. No experimental tests or finite element analyses have been reported in the literature for back-to-back built-up coldformed steel un-lipped channel sections and specially investigated the effect of screw spacing on axial strength of such columns. The issue is addressed in this paper. The results of 95 finite element analyses are presented covering stub to slender columns. The finite element model is validated against the experimental tests recently conducted by authors for back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel lipped channel sections. The verified finite element model is then used for the purposes of a parametric study to investigate the effect of screw spacing on axial strength of back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections. Results are compared against the built-up lipped channel sections and it is shown that the axial strength of un-lipped built-up sections are 31% lesser on average than the built-up lipped channel sections. It was also found that the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand Standards were over-conservative by around 15% for built-up columns failed through overall buckling, however AISI and AS/NZS were un-conservative by around 8% for built-up columns mainly failed by local buckling.

Key Words
cold-formed steel; built-up sections; un-lipped channels; screw spacing; back-to-back sections; axial strength; finite element analysis

Address
(1) Krishanu Roy, James B.P. Lim:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;
(2) Tina Chui Huon Ting, Hieng Ho Lau:
Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Abstract
Compared to conventional flat web I-beams, the prediction of shear buckling stress of corrugated web steel beams (CWSBs) is not straightforward. But the CWSBs combined advantages of lightweight large spans with low-depth high load-bearing capacities justify dealing with such difficulties. This work investigates experimentally and analytically the shear strength of trapezoidal CWSBs. A set of large scale CWSBs are manufactured and tested to failure in shear. The results are compared with widely accepted CWSBs shear strength prediction models. Confirmed by the experimental results, the linear buckling analyses of trapezoidal corrugated webs demonstrated that the local shear buckling occurs only in the flat plane folds of the web, while the global shear buckling occurs over multiple folds of the web. New analytical prediction model accounting for the interaction between the local and global shear buckling of CWSBs is proposed. Experimental results from the current work and previous studies are compared with the proposed analytical prediction model. The predictions of the proposed model are significantly better than all other studied models. In light of the dispersion of test data, accuracy, consistency, and economical aspects of the prediction models, the authors recommend their proposed model for the design of CWSBs over the rest of the models.

Key Words
corrugated web; shear buckling; experimental results; analytical model

Address
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.



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