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CONTENTS
Volume 44, Number 5, December10 2012
 

Abstract
Appropriate assessment of lateral capacity of pile foundation is known to be a complex problem involving soil-structure interaction. Having reviewed the available methods in brief, relative paucity of simple and rational technique to evaluate lateral capacity of pile in layered soil is identified. In this context, two efficient approaches for the assessment of lateral capacity of short pile embedded in bilayer cohesive deposit is developed. It is presumed that the allowable lateral capacity of short pile is generally dictated by the permissible lateral displacement within which pile-soil system may be assumed to be elastic. The applicability of the scheme, depicted through illustration, is believed to be of ample help at least for practical purpose.

Key Words
lateral capacity; piles; soil structure interaction; layered soil; earthquake

Address
Bikash Mandal: Department of Civil Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India
Rana Roy: Department of Applied Mechanics, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India
Sekhar Chandra Dutta: School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar (IIT Bhubaneswar), Samantapuri, Bhubaneswar 751 013, Odisha, India

Abstract
This paper presents a Modified Tikhonov Regularization (MTR) method in model updating for damage identification with model errors and measurement noise influences consideration. The identification equation based on sensitivity approach from the dynamic responses is ill-conditioned and is usually solved with regularization method. When the structural system contains model errors and measurement noise, the identified results from Tikhonov Regularization (TR) method often diverge after several iterations. In the MTR method, new side conditions with limits on the identification of physical parameters allow for the presence of model errors and ensure the physical meanings of the identified parameters. Chebyshev polynomial is applied to approximate the acceleration response for moderation of measurement noise. The identified physical parameter can converge to a relative correct direction. A three-dimensional unsymmetrical frame structure with different scenarios is studied to illustrate the proposed method. Results revealed show that the proposed method has superior performance than TR Method when there are both model errors and measurement noise in the structure system.

Key Words
damage identification; noise; model error; modified Tikhonov regularization; model updating; sensitivity; iteration

Address
J. Wang and Q.S. Yang: School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, P.R. China

Abstract
Effect of different crack sizes on fracture criterion of some engineering materials was investigated in this work. Using finite element (FE) method coupled with a newly developed algorithm, Jintegral values for different crack sizes were obtained for single-edge notched bend (SENB) and compact type (CT) specimen. Specimens with initial a/W ratio from 0.25 to 0.75 varying in crack size in steps of 0.125 were investigated. Several different materials, like 20MnMoNi55, 42CrMo4 and 50CrMo4, usually used in engineering structure, were investigated. For one of mentioned materials, numerical results were compared with experimental and their compatibility is visible.

Key Words
crack driving force; J-integral; finite element method; engineering material

Address
Josip Brnic, Goran Vukelic and Goran Turkalj: Department of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Abstract
The passive energy dissipation technology has been proven to be reliable and robust for recent practical applications. Various dampers or energy dissipation devices have been widely used in building structures for enhancing their performances during earthquakes, windstorm and other severe loading scenarios. This paper presents a simplified seismic design procedure for retrofitting earthquakedamaged frames with viscous dampers. With the scheme of designing the main frame and the supplemental viscous dampers respectively, the seismic analysis model of damped structure with viscous dampers and braces was studied. The specific analysis process was described and approach to parameter design of energy dissipation components was also proposed. The expected damping forces for damped frame were first obtained based on storey shear forces; and then they were optimized to meet different storey drift requirements. A retrofit project of a RC frame school building damaged in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was introduced as a case study. This building was retrofitted by using viscous dampers designed through the simplified design procedure proposed in this paper. Based on the case study, it is concluded that this simplified design procedure can be effectively used to make seismic retrofit design of earthquake-damaged RC frames with viscous dampers, so as to achieve structural performance objectives under different earthquake risk levels.

Key Words
simplified seismic design procedure; viscous damper; RC frame; energy dissipation; equivalent damping ratio

Address
D.G. Weng, C. Zhang, X.L. Lu, S. Zeng and S.M. Zhang: State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Abstract
Applying Information Technology (IT) in practical engineering has become one of the most important issues in the past few decades, especially on internal solitary wave, intelligent robot interaction, artificial intelligence, fuzzy Lyapunov, tension leg platform (TLP), consumer and service quality. Other than affecting the traditional teaching mode or increasing the inter-relation with users, IT can also be connected with the current society by collecting the latest information from the internet. It is apparently a fashion-catching-up technology. Therefore, the learning of how to use IT facilities is becoming one of engineers\'s skills nowadays. In addition to studying how well engineers learn to operate IT facilities and apply them into teaching, how engineers\' general capacity of information effects the results of learning IT are also discussed. This research introduces the \"Combined TAM and TPB mode,\" to understand the situation of engineers using IT facilities.

Key Words
NXT; dynamics; information technology; C-TAM-TPB

Address
Chen-Yuan Chen: Department and Graduate School of Computer Science, National Pingtung University of Education, No. 4-18, Ming Shen Rd., Pingtung 90003, Taiwan, ROC
Ying-Hsiu Chen: Department of Applied Finance, Yuanpei University, No.306, Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan, ROC
Shang-En Yu: Department of Tourism, School of Tourism, Ming Chuan University, 5 De Ming Rd., Gui Shan Township, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan, ROC
Yi-Wen Chen: Department and Graduate School of Computer Science, National Pingtung University of Education, No. 4-18, Ming Shen Rd., Pingtung 90003, Taiwan, ROC
Chien-Chung Li: Department of Civil Engineering, Natonal Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC

Abstract
An experimental research was conducted to investigate the strength of biaxially loaded short and slender reinforced concrete columns with high strength concrete. In the study, square and L-shaped section reinforced concrete columns were constructed and tested to obtain the load-deformation behaviour and strength of columns. The test results of column specimens were analysed with a theoretical method based on the fiber element technique. The theoretical ultimate strength capacities and the test results of column specimens have been compared and discussed in the paper. Besides this, observed failure mode and experimental and theoretical load-lateral deflection behaviour of the column specimens are presented.

Key Words
high strength concrete column; ultimate strength; stress-strain relationship; slenderness effect

Address
Cengiz Dundar: Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (Civil), Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
Serkan Tokgoz: Faculty of Engineering (Civil), Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey

Abstract
Previous major earthquakes revealed that most damage of the buried segmented pipelines occurs at the joints of the pipelines. It has been proven that the differential motions between the pipe segments are one of the primary reasons that results in the damage (Zerva et al. 1986, O\'Roueke and Liu 1999). This paper studies the combined influences of ground motion spatial variations and local soil conditions on the seismic responses of buried segmented pipelines. The heterogeneous soil deposits surrounding the pipelines are assumed resting on an elastic half-space (base rock). The spatially varying base rock motions are modelled by the filtered Tajimi-Kanai power spectral density function and an empirical coherency loss function. Local site amplification effect is derived based on the one-dimensional wave propagation theory by assuming the base rock motions consist of out-of-plane SH wave or combined in-plane P and SV waves propagating into the site with an assumed incident angle. The differential axial and lateral displacements between the pipeline segments are stochastically formulated in the frequency domain. The influences of ground motion spatial variations, local soil conditions, wave incident angle and stiffness of the joint are investigated in detail. Numerical results show that ground motion spatial variations and local soil conditions can significantly influence the differential displacements between the pipeline segments.

Key Words
buried segmented pipelines; seismic response; ground motion spatial variation; local site effect; stochastic method

Address
Kaiming Bi and Hong Hao: School of Civil and Resource Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

Abstract
The dynamic response of Euler-Bernoulli beams to resonant harmonic moving loads is analysed. The non-dimensional form of the motion equation of a beam crossed by a moving harmonic load is solved through a perturbation technique based on a two-scale temporal expansion, which permits a straightforward interpretation of the analytical solution. The dynamic response is expressed through a harmonic function slowly modulated in time, and the maximum dynamic response is identified with the maximum of the slow-varying amplitude. In case of ideal Euler-Bernoulli beams with elastic rotational springs at the support points, starting from analytical expressions for eigenfunctions, closed form solutions for the time-history of the dynamic response and for its maximum value are provided. Two dynamic factors are discussed: the Dynamic Amplification Factor, function of the non-dimensional speed parameter and of the structural damping ratio, and the Transition Deamplification Factor, function of the sole ratio between the two non-dimensional parameters. The influence of the involved parameters on the dynamic amplification is discussed within a general framework. The proposed procedure appears effective also in assessing the maximum response of real bridges characterized by numerically-estimated mode shapes, without requiring burdensome step-by-step dynamic analyses.

Key Words
closed form solution; Euler-Bernoulli beams; harmonic moving loads; vibrations

Address
Giuseppe Piccardo and Federica Tubino: DICCA, University of Genoa, Via Montallegro 1, 16145 Genoa, Italy

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