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CONTENTS
Volume 62, Number 5, June10 2017
 


Abstract
In this article, static analysis of a magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) beam subjected to various thermal loading and boundary conditions has been investigated. Influence of pyroeffects (pyroelectric and pyromagnetic) on the direct quantities (displacements and the potentials) of the MEE beam under different boundary conditions is studied. The finite element (FE) formulation of the MEE beam is developed using the total potential energy principle and the constitutive equations of the MEE material taking into account the coupling between elastic, electric, magnetic and thermal properties. Using the Maxwell electrostatic and electromagnetic relations, variation of stresses, displacements, electric and magnetic potentials along the length of the MEE beam are investigated. Effect of volume fractions, aspect ratio and boundary conditions on the direct quantities in thermal environment has been determined. The present investigation may be useful in design and analysis of magnetoelectroelastic smart structures and sensor applications.

Key Words
magneto-electro-elastic; pyroeffects; direct quantities; temperature profiles; static analysis

Address
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, India

Abstract
Structural sizing is a rewarding task due to its non-convex constrained nature in the design space. In order to provide both global exploration and proper search refinement, a hybrid method is developed here based on outstanding features of Evolutionary Computing and Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization. The new method introduces an observer phase for memory exploitation in addition to vector-sum movements in the original teacher and learner phases. Proper integer coding is suited and applied for structural size optimization together with a fly-to-boundary technique and an elitism strategy. Performance of the proposed method is further evaluated treating a number of truss examples compared with teaching-learning-based optimization. The results show enhanced capability of the method in efficient and stable convergence toward the optimum and effective capturing of high quality solutions in discrete structural sizing problems.

Key Words
discrete optimization; constrained structural sizing, hybrid evolutionary computing

Address
Department of Engineering, Kharazmi University, 43 Shahid-Mofatteh, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Based on the strain gradient theory (SGT), vibration analysis of an embedded micro cylindrical shell reinforced with agglomerated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is investigated. The elastic medium is simulated by the orthotropic Pasternak foundation. The structure is subjected to magnetic field in the axial direction. For obtaining the equivalent material properties of structure and considering agglomeration effects, the Mori-Tanaka model is applied. The motion equations are derived on the basis of Mindlin cylindrical shell theory, energy method and Hamilton

Key Words
vibration; strain gradient theory; CNT agglomeration; micro cylindrical shell; DQM

Address
H. Tohidi, S.H. Hosseini-Hashemi, A. Maghsoudpour and S. Etemadi: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

S.H. Hosseini-Hashemi: School of mechanical Engineering Iran university of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16842-13114 Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Structural failures are undesirable events that devastate the construction industry resulting in loss of life, injury, huge property loss, and also affect the economy of the region. Roof truss failures occur mainly due to excessive loading, improper fabrication, deterioration, inadequate repair, etc. Although very rare, a roof truss may even fail due to inappropriate location of supports. One such case was reported from the recent failure of a steel roof truss used in an indoor stadium at Kargil in India. Kargil region, being mountainous in nature, receives heavy snowfall and hence the steel roof trusses are designed for heavy snow loads. Due to inappropriate support location, the indoor stadium

Key Words
faulty fabrication; rehabilitation; steel truss; distress; remedial measure

Address
M.A. Dar, J. Raju: Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore, India

N. Subramanian: Consuting Engineer, Maryland, USA

A.R. Dar: Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Srinagar, J&K, India


Abstract
To study the mechanical performances of prestressed steel-concrete composite box beam under combination of bending-shear-torsion, nine composite beams with different ratio of torsion to bending were designed. Torsion was applied to the free end of the beam with jacks controlled accurately with peripherals, as well as concentrated force on the mid-span with jacks. Based on experimental data and relative theories, mechanical properties of composite beams were analyzed, including torsional angle, deformation and failure patterns. The results showed that under certain ratio of torsion to bending, cracking and ultimate torsion increased and reached to its maximum at the ratio of 2. Three phases of process is also discussed, as well as the conditions of each failure mode.

Key Words
prestressed composite box beam; bending-shear-torsion performance; deflection; damage process

Address
Hu S. Wei, Zhao K. Yu and Wei C. Jie: Department of Materials and Structural Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, 210029, Nanjing, P.R. China

Hu S. Wei, Zhao K. Yu and Wei C. Jie: State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 210098, Nanjing, P.R. China


Abstract
The objective of this analytical study is to calculate the elasto-plastic stresses of Functionally Graded (FG) hyperbolic disc subjected to uniform temperature. The material properties (elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficient and yield strength) and the geometry (thickness) of the disc are assumed to vary radially with a power law function, but Poisson

Key Words
analytical method; elasto-plastic; functionally graded; residual stress/strain; yield criterion

Address
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Pamukkale University, 20070, Denizli, Turkey

Abstract
During their life span, post-tensioned concrete structures may be exposed to thermal loads. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in research on the advanced analysis and design of post-tensioned concrete slabs subjected to thermal loads. This paper investigates the structural behaviour of post-tensioned one-way spanning concrete slabs. A nonlinear finite element model for the analysis of post- tensioned unbonded and bonded concrete slabs at elevated temperatures was developed. The interface between the tendon and surrounding concrete was also modelled, allowing the tendon to retain its profile shape during the deformation of the slab. The load-deflection behaviour, load-force behaviour in the tendon, and the failure modes are presented. The numerical analysis was conducted by the finite element ANSYS software and was carried out on two different one-way concrete slabs chosen from literature. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effect of several selected parameters on the overall behavior of post-tensioned one-way concrete slab. These parameters include the effect of tendon bonding, the effect of thermal loading and the effect of tendon profile. Comparison between uniform thermal loading and non-uniform thermal loading showed that restrained post tensioned slab with bottom surface hotter has smaller failure load capacity.

Key Words
post-tensioned slabs; computer modelling; finite element method; concrete; unbonded tendons; bonded tendons; thermal loading

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical procedure based on the perturbation technique is presented to study the free vibrations of annular viscoelastic plates by considering the first order shear deformation theory as the displacement field. The viscoelastic properties obey the standard linear solid model. The equations of motion are extracted for small deflection assumption using the Hamilton

Key Words
perturbation technique; viscoelastic; annular plate; free vibration; first order shear deformation theory

Address
Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, P.O.Box 316, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract
This paper focuses on the study of complete dynamic modeling and maximum dynamic load carrying capacity computation of N-flexible links and N-flexible joints mobile manipulator undergoing large deformation. Nonlinear dynamic analysis relies on the Timoshenko theory of beams. In order to model the system completely and precisely, structural and joint flexibility, nonlinear strain-displacement relationship, payload, and non-holonomic constraints will be considered to. A finite element solution method based on mixed method is applied to model the shear deformation. This procedure is considerably more involved than displacement based element and shear deformation can be readily included without inducing the shear locking in the element. Another goal of this paper is to present a computational procedure for determination of the maximum dynamic load of geometrically nonlinear manipulators with structural and joint flexibility. An effective measure named as Moment-Height Stability (MHS) measure is applied to consider the dynamic stability of a wheeled mobile manipulator. Simulations are performed for mobile base manipulator with two flexible links and joints. The results represent that dynamic stability constraint is sensitive when calculating the maximum carrying load. Furthermore, by changing the trajectory of end effector, allowable load also changes. The effect of torsional spring parameter on the joint deformation is investigated in a parametric sensitivity study. The findings show that, by the increase of torsional stiffness, the behavior of system approaches to a system with rigid joints and allowable load of robot is also enhanced. A comparison is also made between the results obtained from small and large deformation models. Fluctuation range in obtained figures for angular displacement of links and end effector path is bigger for large deformation model. Experimental results are also provided to validate the theoretical model and these have good agreement with the simulated results.

Key Words
structural and joint flexibility; large deformation; dynamic stability; joint deformation; mixed finite element

Address
Habib Esfandiar: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Firoozkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozkooh, Iran

Moharam H. Korayem and Mohammad Haghpanahi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Accurate actuator tracking plays an important role in real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) to ensure accurate and reliable experimental results. Frequency-domain evaluation index (FEI) interprets actuator tracking into amplitude and phase errors thus providing a promising tool for quantitative assessment of real-time hybrid simulation results. Previous applications of FEI successfully evaluated actuator tracking over the entire duration of the tests. In this study, FEI with moving window technique is explored to provide post-experiment localized actuator tracking assessment. Both moving window with and without overlap are investigated through computational simulations. The challenge is discussed for Fourier Transform to satisfy both time domain and frequency resolution for selected length of moving window. The required data window length for accuracy is shown to depend on the natural frequency and structural nonlinearity as well as the ground motion input for both moving windows with and without overlap. Moving window without overlap shows better computational efficiency and has potential for future online evaluation. Moving window with overlap however requires much more computational efforts and is more suitable for post-experiment evaluation. Existing RTHS data from Network Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) is utilized to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. It is demonstrated that with proper window size, FEI with moving window techniques enable accurate localized evaluation of actuator tracking for real-time hybrid simulation.

Key Words
real-time hybrid simulation; frequency-domain evaluation index; tracking error; moving window

Address
Weijie Xu, Tong Guo: Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, P.R. China

Cheng Chen: School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, USA

Abstract
Masonry walls are amongst the oldest building systems. A large portion of the research on these structures focuses on the load-bearing walls. Numerical methods have been generally used in modelling load-bearing walls during recent years. In this context, macro and micro modelling techniques emerge as widely accepted techniques. Micro modelling is used to investigate the local behaviour of load-bearing walls in detail whereas macro modelling is used to investigate the general behaviour of masonry buildings. The main objective of this study is to investigate the elastic behaviour of the load- bearing walls in masonry buildings by using micro modelling technique. In order to do this the brick and mortar units of the masonry walls are modelled by the combination of plane truss elements and plane frame elements with no shear deformations. The model used in this study has fewer unknowns then the models encountered in the references. In this study the vertical frame elements have equivalent elasticity modulus and moment of inertia which are calculated by the developed software. Under in-plane static loads the elastic displacements of the masonry walls, which are encountered in literature, are calculated by the developed software, where brick units are modelled by plane frame elements, horizontal joints are modelled by vertical frame elements and vertical joints are modelled by horizontal plane truss elements. The calculated results are compatible with those given in the references.

Key Words
computational mechanics; finite element method (FEM); historical bridges/buildings; masonry structure; static analysis

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Dumlupinar University, Evliya Çelebi Yerleşkesi, Kutahya, Turkey

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of bond-slip behavior of reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (LC) and normal weight concrete (NC) with embedded steel bar. Tests were conducted on tension-pull specimens that had cross-sectional dimension with a reinforcing bar embedded in the center section. The experimental variables include concrete strength (20, 40, and 60 MPa) and coarse aggregate type (normal-weight aggregate and reservoir sludge lightweight aggregate). The test results show that as concrete compressive strength increased, the magnitudes of the slip of the LC specimens were greater than those of the NC specimens. Moreover, the bond strength and stiffness approaches zero at the loaded end, or close to the central anchored point of the specimen. In addition, the proposed bond stress-slip equation can effectively estimate the behavior of bond stress and steel bar slipping.

Key Words
lightweight aggregate concrete; normal weight concrete; reinforcing bar; bond stress; slip; uniaxial tensile test

Address
Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengcing Rd., Niaosong District,
Kaohsiung City, Taiwan R.O.C.



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