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CONTENTS
Volume 66, Number 2, April25 2018
 


Abstract
With the aim to evaluate the fatigue damage accumulation and predict the residual life of engineering components under variable amplitude loadings, this paper proposed a new strain energy-based damage accumulation model by considering both effects of mean stress and load interaction on fatigue life in a low cycle fatigue (LCF) regime. Moreover, an integrated procedure is elaborated for facilitating its application based on S-N curve and loading conditions. Eight experimental datasets of aluminum alloys and steels are utilized for model validation and comparison. Through comparing experimental results with model predictions by the proposed, Miner\'s rule, damaged stress model (DSM) and damaged energy model (DEM), results show that the proposed one provides more accurate predictions than others, which can be extended for further application under multi-level stress loadings.

Key Words
fatigue; life prediction; mean stress; load interaction; S-N curve

Address
Shun-Peng Zhu:
1) Institute of Reliability Engineering, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
2) Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Peng Yue:
1) Institute of Reliability Engineering, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
2) Bazhong Professional Technology College, Bazhong 636000, China
Jose Correia and Abilio De Jesus: INEGI, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
Sergio Blason: Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Gijon 33203, Spain
Qingyuan Wang:
1) Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
2) School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China

Abstract
The passive control of structures using a pendulum tuned mass damper has been extensively studied in the technical literature. As the frequency of the pendulum depends only on its length and the acceleration of gravity, to tune the frequency of the pendulum with that of the structure, the pendulum length is the only design variable. However, in many cases, the required length and the space necessary for its installation are not compatible with the design. In these cases, one can replace the classical pendulum by a virtual pendulum which consists of a mass moving over a curved surface, allowing thus for a greater flexibility in the absorber design, since the length of the pendulum becomes irrelevant and the shape of the curved surface can be optimized. A mathematical model for a building with a pendular tuned mass damper and a detailed parametric analysis is conducted to study the influence of this device on the nonlinear oscillations and stability of the main system under harmonic and seismic base excitation. In addition to the circular profiles, different curved surfaces with softening and hardening characteristics are analyzed. Also, the influence of impact on energy dissipation is considered. A detailed parametric analysis is presented showing that the proposed damper can not only reduce sharply the displacements, and consequently the internal forces in the main structure, but also the accelerations, increasing user comfort. A review of the relevant aspects is also presented.

Key Words
tuned mass damper; passive control; rolling pendulum; base motion; seismic excitation

Address
Pezo Eliot Z. and Gonçalves Paulo B.: Department of Civil Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil

Abstract
This paper proposes a developed optimization model for steel frames with semi-rigid beam-to-column connections and fixed bases using teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques. This method uses rotational deformations of frame members ends as an optimization variable to simultaneously obtain the optimum cross-sections and the most suitable beam-to-column connection type. The total cost of members plus connections cost of the frame are minimized. Frye and Morris (1975) polynomial model is used for modeling nonlinearity of semi-rigid connections, and the P-∆ effect and geometric nonlinearity are considered through a stepped analysis process. The stress and displacement constraints of AISC-LRFD (2016) specifications, along with size fitting constraints, are considered in the design procedure. The developed model is applied to three benchmark steel frames, and the results are compared with previous literature results. The comparisons show that developed model using both LTBO and GA achieves better results than previous approaches in the literature.

Key Words
teaching-learning-based optimization; genetic algorithm; steel frame optimization; semi-rigid connections; geometrically nonlinear; the P-∆ effect; rotational deformations variable

Address
Osman Shallan, Hassan M. Maaly and Osman Hamdy: Department of Structural Engineering, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt

Abstract
In this study, low- and high-frequency structure behaviors were identified and a systematic analysis procedure was proposed using noisy GPS data from a 165-m-high tower in Istanbul, Turkey. The raw GPS data contained long- and short-periodic position changes and noisy signals at different frequencies. To extract the significant results from this complex dataset, the general structure and components of the GPS signal were modeled and analyzed in the time and frequency domains. Uncontrolled jumps and deviations involving the signal in the time domain were pre-filtered. Then, the signal was converted to the frequency domain after applying low- and high-pass filters, and the frequency and periodic component values were calculated. The spectrum of the tower motion obtained from the filtered GPS data had dominant peaks at a low frequency of 1.15572x10-4 Hz and a high frequency of 0.16624 Hz, consistent with two equivalent GPS datasets. Then, the signal was reconstructed using inverse Fourier transform with the dominant low frequency values to obtain filtered and interpretable clean signals. With the proposed sequence, processing of noisy data collected from the GPS receivers mounted very close to the structure is effective in revealing the basic behaviors and features of buildings.

Key Words
noisy GPS data; time series; filtration; fourier transformation; structural monitoring

Address
Huseyin Pehlivan: Department of Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey

Abstract
From the structural safety point of view, ductility is an important parameter, a relatively high level of curvature ductility would provide to the structure an increased chance of survival against accidental impact and seismic attack. The ductility of reinforced concrete beams is very important, because it is the property that allows structures to dissipate energy in seismic zone. This paper presents a revision of an earlier formula for predicting the curvature ductility factor of unconfined HSC beams to make it simpler in the use. The new formula is compared with the earlier formula and other numerical and experimental results. The new formula regroups all parameters can affecting the curvature ductility of unconfined HSC beams and it has the same domain of application as the earlier formula.

Key Words
Eurocode 2; curvature ductility; high strength concrete; reinforcement; reinforced concrete beams

Address
Haytham Bouzid and Amar Kassoul: Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Structures, Geotechnics and Risks (LSGR), Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef,
Algeria BP 151, Hay Essalam, Chlef (02000), Algeria

Abstract
A large body of experiments have been conducted to date to evaluate the punching shear strength of flat slab-column connections, but it is noted that only a few of them have been considered for the development of the ACI Code provisions. The limited test results used for the development of the code provisions fall short of predicting accurately the punching shear strength of such connections. In an effort to address this shortfall and to gain an insight into the factors that control the punching shear strength of flat slab-column connections, we report a qualified database of 650 punching shear test results in this article. All slabs examined in this database were tested under gravity loading and do not contain shear reinforcement. In order to justify including any test result for evaluation punching shear database, we have developed an approved set of criteria. Carefully established set of criteria represent the actual characteristics of structures that include minimum compressive strength, effective depths of slab, flexural and compression reinforcement ratio and column size. The key parameters that significantly affect the punching shear strength of flat slab-column connections are then examined using ACI 318-14 expression. The results reported here have paramount significance on the range of applicability of the ACI Code provision and seem to indicate that the ACI provisions do not sufficiently capture many trends identified through regression of the principal parameters, and fall on the unsafe side for the prediction of the punching shear strength of flat slab-column connections.

Key Words
punching shear; flat slab-column connections; test; regression

Address
Shahram Derogar: European University of Lefke, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10 Mersin, Turkey
Ceren Ince: Civil Engineering Program, Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Kalkanli, Guzelyurt, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
Parthasarathi Mandal: School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom

Abstract
In the last decades, valuable results have been reported regarding conventional passive, active, semi-active, and hybrid structural control systems on two-dimensional and a few three-dimensional shear buildings. In this research, using a three-dimensional finite element model of high-rise concrete structures, designed by performance based plastic design method, it was attempted to construct a relatively close to reality model of concrete structures equipped with Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) by considering the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI), torsion effect, hysteresis behavior and cracking effect of concrete. In contrast to previous studies which have focused mainly on linearly designed structures, in this study, using performance-based plastic design (PBPD) design approach, nonlinear behavior of the structures was considered from the beginning of the design stage. Inelastic time history analysis on a detailed model of twenty-story concrete structure was performed under a far-field ground motion record set. The seismic responses of the structure by considering SSI effect are studied by eight main objective functions that are related to the performance of the structure, containing: lateral displacement, acceleration, inter-story drift, plastic energy dissipation, shear force, number of plastic hinges, local plastic energy and rotation of plastic hinges. The tuning problem of TMD based on tuned mass spectra is set by considering five of the eight previously described functions. Results reveal that the structural damage distribution range is retracted and inter-story drift distribution in height of the structure is more uniform. It is strongly suggested to consider the effect of SSI in structural design and analysis.

Key Words
performance-based plastic design (PBPD); tuned mass damper (TMD); high rise reinforced concrete structure; soil-structure interaction; inelastic analysis

Address
Hamid Mortezaie and Freydoon Rezaie: Department of Civil Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Fahmideh St, 65178-38695, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract
This study investigated the behaviour of the simply supported hollow steel tube (HST) beams, either concrete filled or unfilled when strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Eight specimens with varied tubes thickness (sections classification 1 and 3) were all tested experimentally under static flexural loading, four out of eight were filled with normal concrete (CFST beams). Particularly, the partial CFRP strengthening scheme was used, which wrapped the bottom-half of the beams cross-section (U-shaped wrapping), in order to use the efficiency of high tensile strength of CFRP sheets at the tension stress only of simply supported beams. In general, the results showed that the CFRP sheets significantly improved the ultimate strength and energy absorption capacities of the CFST beams with very limited improvement on the related HST beams. For example, the load and energy absorption capacities for the CFST beams (tube section class 1) were increased about 20% and 32.6%, respectively, when partially strengthened with two CFRP layers, and these improvements had increased more (62% and 38%) for the same CFST beams using tube class 3. However, these capacities recorded no much improvement on the related unfilled HST beams when the same CFRP strengthening scheme was adopted.

Key Words
partial wrapping; CFRP strengthening; CFST beams; HST beams; energy absorption

Address
Ahmed W. Al Zand, Emad Hosseinpour and Wan Hamidon W. Badaruzzaman: Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract
This study presents the investigation of wave dispersion characteristics of a magneto-electro-elastic functionally graded (MEE-FG) nanosize beam utilizing nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT). In this theory, a material length scale parameter is propounded to show the influence of strain gradient stress field, and likewise, a nonlocal parameter is nominated to emphasize on the importance of elastic stress field effects. The material properties of heterogeneous nanobeam are supposed to vary smoothly through the thickness direction based on power-law form. Applying Hamilton\'s principle, the nonlocal governing equations of MEE-FG nanobeam are derived. Furthermore, to derive the wave frequency, phase velocity and escape frequency of MEE-FG nanobeam, an analytical solution is employed. The validation procedure is performed by comparing the results of present model with results exhibited by previous papers. Results are rendered in the framework of an exact parametric study by changing various parameters such as wave number, nonlocal parameter, length scale parameter, gradient index, magnetic potential and electric voltage to show their influence on the wave frequency, phase velocity and escape frequency of MEE-FG nanobeams.

Key Words
wave propagation; functionally graded nanobeam; magneto-electro-elastic materials; nonlocal strain gradient theory

Address
Farzad Ebrahimi and Mohammad Reza Barati: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, P.O.B. 16818-34149, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract
In this paper, reaction of functionally graded (FG) thick nanoplates resting on a viscoelastic foundation to a moving nanoparticle/load is investigated. Nanoplate is assumed to be thick by using second order shear deformation theory and small-scale effects are taken into account in the framework of Eringen\'s nonlocal theory. Material properties are varied through the thickness using FG models by having power-law, sigmoid and exponential functions for material changes. FG nanoplate is assumed to be on a viscoelastic medium which is modeled using Kelvin-Voight viscoelastic model. Galerkin, state space and fourth-order Runge-Kutta methods are employed to solve the governing equations. A comprehensive parametric study is presetned to show the influence of different parameters on mechanical behavior of the system. It is shown that material variation in conjunction with nonlocal term have a significant effect on the dynamic deformation of nanoplate which could be used in comprehending and designing more efficient nanostructures. Moreover, it is shown that having a viscoelastic medium could play an important role in decreasing these dynamic deformations. With respect to the fresh studies on moving atoms, molecules, cells, nanocars, nanotrims and point loads on different nanosctructures using scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) and atomic force microscopes (AFM), this study could be a step forward in understanding, predicting and controlling such kind of behaviors by showing the influence of the moving path, velocity etc. on dynamic reaction of the plate.

Key Words
functionally graded material; forced deformation; FGM; nanoplate; second order shear deformation; moving load

Address
Shahrokh Hosseini-Hashemi:
1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
2) Center of Excellence in Railway Transportation, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16842-13114, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Bakhshi Khaniki: School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete are constantly changing with age. In order to determine long-term development of compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete, an investigation of C30 concrete cured in air conditions was carried out. Changes of compressive strength and elastic modulus up to 975 days were given. The results indicated that compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete rapidly increased with age during the initial 150 days and then increased slowly. The gain in elastic modulus was slower than that of compressive strength. Then relationships of time-compressive strength, time-elastic modulus and compressive strength-elastic modulus were proposed by regression analysis and compared with other investigations. The trends of time-compressive strength and time-elastic modulus with age agreed best with ACI 209R-92. Finally, factors contributed to long-term development of compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete were proposed and briefly analyzed.

Key Words
long-term properties; compressive strength; elastic modulus; influence factors

Address
Shuzhen Yang and Baodong Liu: Department of Bridge Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China
Mingzhe Yang: China Chengda Engineering Co., Ltd., No. 279, Middle Section, Tianfu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
Yuzhong Li: Hebei University of Architecture, No. 13, Chaoyang Avenue(West), Qiaodong District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, China

Abstract
Currently, the dynamic amplification effect of suction is described using the wind vibration coefficient (WVC) of external loads. In other words, it is proposed that the fluctuating characteristics of suction are equivalent to external loads. This is, however, not generally valid. Meanwhile, the effects of the ventilation rate of louver on suction and its WV are considered. To systematically analyze the effects of the ventilation rate of louver on the multi-dimensional WVC of ultra-large cooling towers under suctions, the 210 m ultra-large cooling tower under construction was studied. First, simultaneous rigid pressure measurement wind tunnel tests were executed to obtain the time history of fluctuating wind loads on the external surface and the internal surface of the cooling tower at different ventilation rates (0%, 15%, 30%, and 100%). Based on that, the average values and distributions of fluctuating wind pressures on external and internal surfaces were obtained and compared with each other; a tower/pillar/circular foundation integrated simulation model was developed using the finite element method and complete transient time domain dynamics of external loads and four different suctions of this cooling tower were calculated. Moreover, 1D, 2D, and 3D distributions of WVCs under external loads and suctions at different ventilation rates were obtained and compared with each other. The WVCs of the cooling tower corresponding to four typical response targets (i.e., radial displacement, meridional force, Von Mises stress, and circumferential bending moment) were discussed. Value determination and 2D evaluation of the WVCs of external loads and suctions of this large cooling tower at different ventilation rates were proposed. This study provides references to precise prediction and value determination of WVC of ultra-large cooling towers.

Key Words
ultra-large cooling tower; wind tunnel test; ventilation rate; suction; external load; wind vibration coefficient

Address
S.T. Ke:
1) Department of Civil Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing 210016, China
2) State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
L.Y. Du: Department of Civil Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing 210016, China
Y.J. Ge: State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
Y. Tamura: Center of Wind Engineering Research, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0297, Japan


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