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CONTENTS
Volume 19, Number 2, February 2017
 


Abstract
In this paper, size dependent bending and free flexural vibration behaviors of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams are investigated using a nonlocal quasi-3D theory in which both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects are introduced. The nonlocal elastic behavior is described by the differential constitutive model of Eringen, which enables the present model to become effective in the analysis and design of nanostructures. The present theory incorporates the length scale parameter (nonlocal parameter) which can capture the small scale effect, and furthermore accounts for both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects by virtue of a hyperbolic variation of all displacements through the thickness without using shear correction factor. The material properties of FG nanobeams are assumed to vary through the thickness according to a power law. The neutral surface position for such FG nanobeams is determined and the present theory based on exact neutral surface position is employed here. The governing equations are derived using the principal of minimum total potential energy. The effects of nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio and various material compositions on the static and dynamic responses of the FG nanobeam are discussed in detail. A detailed numerical study is carried out to examine the effect of material gradient index, the nonlocal parameter, the beam aspect ratio on the global response of the FG nanobeam. These findings are important in mechanical design considerations of devices that use carbon nanotubes.

Key Words
nanobeam; nonlocal elasticity theory; bending; vibration; stretching effect; functionally graded materials

Address
Khadra Bouafia: Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Departement de Physique, Faculte des Sciences Exactes, Departement de Physique, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Abdelhakim Kaci: Laboratoire des Materiaux et Hydrologie, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculte de Technologie, Département de genie civil, Algeria;
Department of Civil Engineering and Hydraulics, University Dr. Taher Moulay of Saida, Algeria
Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari: Laboratoire des Materiaux et Hydrologie, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculte de Technologie, Departement de genie civil, Algeria;
Universite Mustapha Stambouli de Mascara, Department of Civil Engineering, Mascara, Algeria
Abdelnour Benzair: Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Departement de Physique, Faculte des Sciences Exactes, Departement de Physique, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;
Algerian National Thematic Agency of Research in Science and Technology (ATRST), Algeria
Abdelouahed Tounsi:Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Departement de Physique, Faculte des Sciences Exactes, Departement de Physique, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;
Laboratoire des Materiaux et Hydrologie, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculte de Technologie, Departement de genie civil, Algeria;
Algerian National Thematic Agency of Research in Science and Technology (ATRST), Algeria



Abstract
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has received widespread attention in the field of civil engineering because of its superior durability and corrosion resistance. This article presents the damage mechanisms of a novelty composite called carbon nanofiber modified flax fiber polymer (CNF-modified FFRP). The ability of acoustic emission (AE) to detect damage evolution for different configurations of specimens under uniaxial tension was examined, and some useful AE characteristic parameters were obtained. Test results shows that the mechanical properties of modified composites are associated with the CNF content and the evenness of CNF dispersed in the epoxy matrix. Various damage mechanisms was established by means of scanning electron microscope images. The fuzzy c-means clustering were proposed to classify AE events into groups representing different generation mechanisms. The classifiers are constructed using the traditional AE features - six parameters from each burst. Amplitude and peak-frequency were selected as the best cluster-definition features from these AE parameters. After comprehensive comparison, a correlation between these AE events classes and the damage mechanisms observed was proposed.

Key Words
acoustic emission; flax fiber reinforced polymer; carbon nanofiber; damage mechanisms

Address
Dongsheng Li, Junbo Shao, Jinping Ou and Yanlei Wang: School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

Abstract
Under the interference of the temperature effect, the alternation of cable force due to damages of a cable-stayed bridge could be difficult to distinguish. Considering the convenience and applicability in engineering practice, simple air or cable temperature measurements are adopted in the current study for the exclusion of temperature effect from the variation of cable force. Using the data collected from Ai-Lan Bridge located in central Taiwan, this work applies the ensemble empirical mode decomposition to process the time histories of cable force, air temperature, and cable temperature. It is evidently observed that the cable force and both types of temperature can all be categorized as the daily variation, long-term variation, and high-frequency noise in the order of decreasing weight. Moreover, the correlation analysis conducted for the decomposed variations of all these three quantities undoubtedly indicates that the daily and long-term variations with different time shifts have to be distinguished for accurately evaluating the temperature effect on the variation of cable force. Finally, consistent results in reducing the range of cable force variation after the elimination of temperature effect confirm the validity and stability of the developed method.

Key Words
stay cable force; air temperature; cable temperature; ensemble empirical mode decomposition; daily variation; long-term variation

Address
Chien-Chou Chen, Wen-Hwa Wu and Gwolong Lai: Department of Construction Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology,123 University Road, Touliu, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
Chun-Yan Liu: Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Touliu, Yunlin 640, Taiwan




Abstract
A new method is developed to estimate road profile in order to estimate IRI based on the ASTM standard. This method utilizes an accelerometer and a Dynamic Tire Pressure Sensor (DTPS) to estimate road roughness. The accelerometer measures the vertical axle acceleration. The DTPS, which is mounted on the tire\' s valve stem, measures dynamic pressure inside the tire while driving. Calibrated transfer functions are used to estimate road profile using the signals from the two sensors. A field test was conducted on roads with different quality conditions in the city of Brockton, MA. The IRI values estimated with this new method match the actual road conditions measured with Pavement Condition Index (PCI) based on the ASTM standard, images taken from an onboard camera and passengers\' perceptions. IRI has negative correlation with PCI in general since they have overlapping features. Compared to the current method of IRI measurement, the advantage of this method is that a) the cost is reduced; b) more space is saved; c) more time is saved; and d) mounting the two sensors are universally compatible to most cars and vans. Therefore, this method has the potential to provide continuous and global monitoring the health of roadways.

Key Words
road roughness detection; International Roughness Index (IRI); dynamic tire pressure; mobile sensing; road health monitoring; Pavement Condition Index (PCI)

Address
Yubo Zhao and Ming L. Wang: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Gregory McDaniel: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

Abstract
The axisymmetric buckling delamination of the Piezoelectric/Metal/Piezoelectric (PZT/Metal/PZT) sandwich circular plate with interface penny-shaped cracks is investigated. The case is considered where open-circuit conditions with respect to the electrical displacement on the upper and lower surfaces, and short-circuit conditions with respect to the electrical potential on the lateral surface of the face layers are satisfied. It is assumed that the edge surfaces of the cracks have an infinitesimal rotationally symmetric initial imperfection and the development of this imperfection with rotationally symmetric compressive forces acting on the lateral surface of the plate is studied by employing the exact geometrically non-linear field equations and relations of electro-elasticity for piezoelectric materials. The sought values are presented in the power series form with respect to the small parameter which characterizes the degree of the initial imperfection. The zeroth and first approximations are used for investigation of stability loss and buckling delamination problems. It is established that the equations and relations related to the first approximation coincide with the corresponding ones of the three-dimensional linearized theory of stability of electro-elasticity for piezoelectric materials. The quantities related to the zeroth approximation are determined analytically, however the quantities related to the first approximation are determined numerically by employing Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical results on the critical radial stresses acting in the layers of the plate are presented and discussed. In particular, it is established that the piezoelectricity of the face layer material causes an increase (a decrease) in the values of the critical compressive stress acting in the face (core) layer.

Key Words
piezoelectric material; circular sandwich plate; penny-shaped crack; buckling delamination; critical stress

Address
Fazile I. Cafarova: Genje State University, Genje, Azerbaijan
Surkay D. Akbarov: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University 34349, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey;
Institute of mathematics and Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, AZ1141, Baku, Azerbaijan
Nazmiye Yahnioglu: Department of Mathematical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey


Abstract
In order to investigate the interface debonding defects detection mechanism between steel tube and concrete core of concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs), multi-physical fields coupling finite element models constituted of a surface mounted Piezoceramic Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) actuator, an embedded PZT sensor and a circular cross section of CFST column are established. The stress wave initiation and propagation induced by the PZT actuator under sinusoidal and sweep frequency excitations are simulated with a two dimensional (2D) plain strain analysis and the difference of stress wave fields close to the interface debonding defect and within the cross section of the CFST members without and with debonding defects are compared in time domain. The linearity and stability of the embedded PZT response under sinusoidal signals with different frequencies and amplitudes are validated. The relationship between the amplitudes of stress wave and the measurement distances in a healthy CFST cross section is also studied. Meanwhile, the responses of PZT sensor under both sinusoidal and sweep frequency excitations are compared and the influence of debonding defect depth and length on the output voltage is also illustrated. The results show the output voltage signal amplitude and head wave arriving time are affected significantly by debonding defects. Moreover, the measurement of PZT sensor is sensitive to the initiation of interface debonding defects. Furthermore, wavelet packet analysis on the voltage signal under sweep frequency excitations is carried out and a normalized wavelet packet energy index (NWPEI) is defined to identify the interfacial debonding. The value of NWPEI attenuates with the increase in the dimension of debonding defects. The results help understand the debonding defects detection mechanism for circular CFST members with PZT technique.

Key Words
piezoceramics; concrete-filled steel tube; debonding defect; identification; wave propagation method; numerical simulation; wavelet packet analysis

Address
Bin Xu: College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China;
Key Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Disaster Prevention of Fujian Province (Huaqiao University),
Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
Hongbing Chen: College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
Song Xia: School of Electric and Information Engineering, Xi\'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi\'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P.R. China



Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop a novel method to determine the severity of a damage in a thin plate. This paper presents a novel fault detection and diagnosis approach employing a new electromagnetic acoustic transducer, called EMAT, together with a complex signal processing method. The method consists in the recognition of a fault that exists within the structure, the fault location, i.e. the identification of the geometric position of damage, and the determining the significance of the damage, which indicates the importance or severity of the defect. The main scientific novelties presented in this paper is: to develop of a new type of electromagnetic acoustic transducer; to incorporate wavelet transforms for signal representation enhancements; to investigate multi-parametric analysis for noise identification and defect classification; to study attenuation curves properties for defect localization improvement; flaw sizing and location algorithm development.

Key Words
fault detection and diagnosis; electromagnetic acoustic transducers; EMAT; wavelet transform; non destructive testing; attenuation curves; guided waves

Address
Carlos Q. Gómez, Fausto P. García and Alfredo Arcos: Ingenium Research Group, Castilla-La Mancha University, Spain
Liang Cheng: Brunel Innovation Centre, Brunel University, UK
Mayorkinos Papelias: School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Abstract
This paper provides a numerical solution for multiple confocal elliptic dissimilar cylinders. In the problem, the inner elliptic notch is under the traction free condition. The medium is composed of many confocal elliptic dissimilar cylinders. The transfer matrix method is used to study the continuity condition for the stress and displacement along the interfaces. Two cases, or the infinite matrix case and the finite matrix case, are studied in this paper. In the former case, the remote tension is applied in y- direction. In the latter case, the normal loading is applied along the exterior elliptic contour. For two cases, several numerical results are provided.

Key Words
confocal elliptic dissimilar cylinders; stress concentration factor; complex variable method; transfer matrix method

Address
Y. Z. Chen: Division of Engineering Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China

Abstract
The electromagnetic field can cause an essential change of the dynamic behavior of the railgun. The evaluation of the dynamics performance of railgun is a mandatory task. Here, a nonlinear electromagnetic force equation of the railgun is given in which the clearance, the thickness and the width of the rail are considered. Based on it, the nonlinear electromechanical coupled dynamics equations of Euler beam rails for the railgun are proposed. Using the equations, the nonlinear free vibration frequency of the railgun is investigated and the effects of the system parameters on the frequency are analyzed. The nonlinear forced responses of the rail to the electromagnetic excitation are investigated as well. The results show that as the nonlinearity of the railgun system is considered, the vibration frequencies of the railgun system increase; as the current in the rail increases, the difference between the natural frequencies and the nonlinear vibration frequencies increases significantly; the nonlinearity of the railgun system is more obvious for smaller distance between the two rails, smaller rail thickness, and smaller stiffness of the elastic foundation; the unstable dynamics state of the rail system occurs when the armature runs to the exit of the railgun. The results are useful for design and application of the railgun system.

Key Words
railgun; nonlinear dynamics; vibration frequency; electromechanical coupled

Address
Lizhong Xu and Dewen Wu: Mechanical engineering institute, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China

Abstract
Railroad bridges in North America are an integral but aging part of the railroad network and are typically only monitored using visual inspections. When quantitative information is required for assessment, railroads often monitor bridges using accelerometers. However without a sensor to directly measure displacements, it is difficult to interpret these results as they relate to bridge performance. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a non-contact sensor technology capable of directly measuring the displacement of any visible bridge component. In this research, a railroad bridge was monitored under load using DIC and accelerometers. DIC measurements are directly compared to serviceability limits and it is observed that the bridge is compliant. The accelerometer data is also used to calculate displacements which are compared to the DIC measurements to assess the accuracy of the accelerometer measurements. These measurements compared well for zero-mean lateral data, providing measurement redundancy and validation. The lateral displacements from both the accelerometers and DIC at the supports were then used to determine the source of lateral displacements within the support system.

Key Words
steel bridges; railroad bridges; field tests; instrumentation; dynamic loads; imaging techniques

Address
Adam Hoag, Neil A. Hoult and W. Andy Take: Department of Civil Engineering, Queen\' s University, 58 University Ave., Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
Fernando Moreu:Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Centennial Engineering Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA 87131
Hoat Le: Bridge Assessment, CN Rail, 10229 127 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5E 0B9
Vamsi Tolikonda: Bridge Assessment, CN Rail, 17641 Ashland Ave, Homewood, IL., USA, 60430


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