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CONTENTS
Volume 27, Number 4, May25 2018
 


Abstract
Composite beams with web openings are vulnerable to Vierendeel bending failure. The available methods provide quite conservative estimates of Vierendeel bending resistance. An alternative design method to compute the resistance was proposed in this study, based on quadratic nonlinear interactions of normalized shear force, axial force and Vierendeel bending moment. The interactions of the top and bottom Tee section must satisfy mutual conditions to prevent the Vierendeel failure. The normalized shear force and Vierendeel bending moment of the composite part were used instead in the top Tee interaction. The top Tee axial force was computed based on force equilibrium. Based on a rigid-plastic model, the composite resistance is estimated using an effective slab width of the vertical shear resistance. On using the proposed method, nonlinear reductions due to shear loads and axial forces are not required, in contrast to prior methods. The proposed method was validated against experiments from literature. The method limitations and accuracy as well as the Vierendeel behavior were investigated by finite element simulations, with varied composite beam parameters. The proposed design loads are less conservative than earlier estimates and deviate less from the simulations.

Key Words
design; Vierendeel failure; composite beam; web opening; co-existing action

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.


Abstract
This paper presents the seismic behaviors and restoring force model of ring beam joints of steel tube-reinforced concrete column structure under cyclic loading. First, the main failure mode, ultimate bearing capacity, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity are studied. Then, the effects of concrete grade, steel grade, reinforcement ratio and radius-to-width ratios are discussed. Finally, the restoring force model is proposed. Results show that the ring beam joints of steel tube-reinforced concrete column structure performs good seismic performances. With concrete grade increasing, the ultimate bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity increase, while the stiffness degradation rates increases slightly. When the radius-width ratio is 2, with reinforcement ratio increasing, the ultimate bearing capacity decreases. However, when the radius-to-width ratios are 3, with reinforcement ratio increasing, the ultimate bearing capacity increases. With radius-to-width ratios increasing, the ultimate bearing capacity decreases slightly and the stiffness degradation rate increases, but the energy dissipation capacity increases slightly.

Key Words
steel tube-reinforced concrete column structure; ring beam joints; seismic behaviors; restoring force model

Address
(1) Yingying Zhang, Jianing Pei, Yuan Huang, Jie Song:
State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Impact and Structural Safety in Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, China;
(2) Ke Lei:
China Construction Eighth Engineering Divisions Corp. Ltd, Shanghai, 200135, China;
(3) Qilin Zhang:
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.

Abstract
In this paper, the single and multi-objective optimization of thin-walled conical tubes with different types of indentations under axial impact has been investigated using surrogate models called metamodels. The geometry of tapered thin-walled tubes has been studied in order to achieve maximum specific energy absorption (SEA) and minimum peak crushing force (PCF). The height, radius, thickness, tapered angle of the tube, and the radius of indentation have been considered as design variables. Based on the design of experiments (DOE) method, the generated sample points are computed using the explicit finite element code. Different surrogate models including Kriging, Feed Forward Neural Network (FNN), Radial Basis Neural Network (RNN), and Response Surface Modelling (RSM) comprised to evaluate the appropriation of such models. The comparison study between surrogate models and the exploration of indentation shapes have been provided. The obtained results show that the RNN method has the minimum mean squared error (MSE) in training points compared to the other methods. Meanwhile, optimization based on surrogate models with lower values of MSE does not provide optimum results. The RNN method demonstrates a lower crashworthiness performance (with a lower value of 125.7% for SEA and a higher value of 56.8% for PCF) in comparison to RSM with an error order of 10-3. The SEA values can be increased by 17.6% and PCF values can be decreased by 24.63% by different types of indentation. In a specific geometry, higher SEA and lower PCF require triangular and circular shapes of indentation, respectively.

Key Words
multi-objective optimization; energy absorption; crushing force; metamodel; tapered tube; indentation

Address
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 19395-1999, Tehran, Iran.


Abstract
In the present investigation, a plane P (longitudinal) wave is made incident upon a transversely isotropic magnetothermoelastic solid slab of uniform thickness, interposed between two different semi-infinite viscoelastic solids. The transversely isotropic magnetothermoelastic sandwiched layer is homogeneous with combined effects of two temperature, rotation and Hall current in the context of GN Type-II and Type-III (1993) theory of thermoelasticity. The amplitude ratios of various reflected and refracted waves are obtained by using appropriate boundary conditions. The effect of energy dissipation on various amplitude ratios of longitudinal wave with angle of incidence are depicted graphically. Some cases of interest are also deduced from the present investigation.

Key Words
interface; reflection; transmission; transversely isotropic thermoelastic; viscoelastic half space; amplitude ratios

Address
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.


Abstract
The objective of this study is to devise an alternative strengthening method to the ones available in the literature. So, external steel members were used to enhance both flexural and shear capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) beams having insufficient shear capacity. Two types of RC beams, one without stirrups and one with lacking stirrups, were prepared in the study. These beams were strengthened with external steel clamps devised by the authors and with external longitudinal reinforcements. Although the use of clamps alone didn

Key Words
RC beam; strengthening; external clamp; shear; test; finite elements

Address
(1) Ali Demir:
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Department of Civil Engineering, Manisa, Turkey;
(2) Emre Ercan:
Ege University, Department of Civil Engineering, Izmir, Turkey;
(3) Duygu Donmez Demir:
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Department of Mathematics, Manisa, Turkey.

Abstract
In this research, vibration and smart control analysis of a concrete foundation reinforced by SiO2 nanoparticles and covered by piezoelectric layer on soil medium is investigated. The soil medium is simulated with spring constants and the Mori-Tanaka low is used for obtaining the material properties of nano-composite structure and considering agglomeration effects. With considering first order shear deformation theory, the total potential energy of system is calculated and by means of Hamilton.s principle in three displacement directions and electric potential, the six coupled equilibrium equations are obtained. Also, based an analytical method, the frequency of system is calculated. The effects of applied voltage, volume percent and agglomeration of SiO2 nanoparticles, soil medium and geometrical parameters of structure are shown on the frequency of system. Results show that with applying negative voltage, the frequency of structure is increased.

Key Words
concrete foundation; vibration; piezoelectric layer; soil medium; analytical method

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Khomein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomein, Iran.


Abstract
In this paper nonlocal free vibration analysis of a doubly curved piezoelectric nano shell is studied. First order shear deformation theory and nonlocal elasticity theory is employed to derive governing equations of motion based on Hamilton's principle. The doubly curved piezoelectric nano shell is resting on Pasternak's foundation. A parametric study is presented to investigate the influence of significant parameters such as nonlocal parameter, two radii of curvature, and ratio of radius to thickness on the fundamental frequency of doubly curved piezoelectric nano shell.

Key Words
doubly curved piezoelectric nano shells; nonlocal parameter; first-order shear deformation theory; Pasternak

Address
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Solid Mechanics, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-51167, Iran.


Abstract
In this paper, cyclic loading tests on composite frame inner joints of steel-reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC) column.steel beam were conducted. The main objective of the test was to obtain the shear behavior and analyze the shear strength of the joints. The main design parameters in the test were recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement percentage and axial compression ratio. The failure process, failure modes, hysteresis curves and strain characteristics of the joints were obtained, and the influences of design parameters on the shear strength of the joints have been also analysed in detail. Results show that the failure modes of the joints area are typical shear failure. The shear bearing capacity of the joints maximally decreased by 10.07% with the increase in the RCA replacement percentage, whereas the shear bearing capacity of the joints maximally increased by 16.6% with the increase in the axial compression ratio. A specific strain analysis suggests that the shear bearing capacity of the joints was mainly provided by the three shear elements of the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) diagonal compression strut, steel webs and stirrups of the joint area. According to the shear mechanism and test results, the calculation formulas of the shear bearing capacity of the three main shear elements were deduced separately. Thus, the calculation model of the shear bearing capacity of the composite joints considering the adverse effects of the RCA replacement percentage was established through a superposition method. The calculated values of shear strength based on the calculation model were in good agreement with the test values. It indicates that the calculation method in this study can reasonably predict the shear bearing capacity of the composite frame inner joints of SRRC column–steel beam.

Key Words
SRRC columns; steel beams; composite frame; inner joints; shear bearing capacity; cyclic loading

Address
(1) Hui Ma, Sanzhi Li, Zhe Li, Yunhe Liu, Jing Dong, Peng Zhang:
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China;
(2) Hui Ma, Yunhe Liu:
State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China.

Abstract
This paper presents experimental results on the residual bond-slip behavior of high strength concrete-filled square steel tube (HSCFST) after elevated temperatures. Three parameters were considered in this test: (a) temperature (i.e., 20°C, 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, 800°C); (b) concrete strength (i.e., C60, C70, C80); (c) anchorage length (i.e., 250 mm, 400 mm). A total of 17 HSCFST specimens were designed for push-out test after elevated temperatures. The load-slip curves at the loading end and free end were obtained, in addition, the distribution of steel tube strain and the bond stress along the anchorage length were analyzed. Test results show that the shape of load-slip curves at loading ends and free ends are similar. With the temperature constantly increasing, the bond strength of HSCFST increases first and then decreases; furthermore, the bond strength of HSCFCT proportionally increases with the anchoring length growing. Additionally, the higher the temperature is, the smaller and lower the bond damage develops. The energy dissipation capacity enhances with the concrete strength rasing, while, decreases with the temperature growing. What is more, the strain and stress of steel tubes are exponentially distributed, and decrease from the free end to loading end. According to experimental findings, constitutive formula of the bond slip of HSCFST experienced elevated temperatures is proposed, which fills well with test data.

Key Words
square steel tube; high strength concrete; elevated temperatures test; static test; residual bond strength

Address
(1) Zongping Chen, Xiang Liu, Wenxiang Zhou:
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, 100# east daxue road, Nanning, 530004, China;
(2) Zongping Chen:
Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structure Safety of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, 100# east daxue road, Nanning,530004, China.

Abstract
This paper focuses on the application of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) to thermo-elastic static problems of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) cylindrical pressure vessels. A symmetric displacement field is considered as unknown function along the longitudinal direction, whereas a linear distribution is assumed along the thickness direction. The cylindrical pressure vessels are subjected to an inner and outer pressure under a temperature increase. Different patterns of reinforcement are applied as distribution of CNTs. The effective material properties of FG-CNTRC cylindrical pressure vessels are measured based on the rule of mixture, whereas the governing equations of the problem are here derived through the principle of virtual works. A large parametric investigation studies the effect of some significant parameters, such as the pattern and volume fraction of CNTs, on the longitudinal distribution of deformation, strain and stress components, as useful tool for practical engineering applications.

Key Words
cylindrical pressure vessel; first-order shear deformation theory; functionally graded carbon nanotubes; thermo-elastic analysis

Address
(1) Mohammad Arefi, Masoud Mohammadi, Ali Tabatabaeian:
Department of Solid Mechanics, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-51167, Iran;
(2) Rossana Dimitri:
Department of Innovation Engineering, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy;
(3) Francesco Tornabene:
DICAM Department, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.


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